Giardiasis is an important human parasitic disease. Giardia is a genus composed of binuclear flagellate protozoa. Giardia duodenalis is a parasitic species for a wide range of vertebrates, including humans. Heterogeneity in G. duodenalis has been shown by serological, biochemical, and molecular analysis. In the present study, the possible genetic similarity between Giardia in sheep and humansand their probable zoonosis was investigated. Direct examination and formalin ether concentration technique were performed on the contents and tissues of sheep intestines. The gradient sucrose method was applied to collect and purify cysts, and DNA extraction was performed by the phenol-chloroform method. Only very small amounts of DNA could be extracted after repeated freezing, thawing and suspension with lysis buffer, after which polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for DNA amplification by primers that were designed for Giardia of human origin. The gene, "triose phosphate isomerase" (TIM or tpi), was selected as the molecular marker and two sets of primers (PM290, PM924) were used. We examined 308 sheep stool samples in our study, including 21 positive samples. Cultures for Giardia were negative. Three sheep isolates were determined by a 290 base pair (bp) amplicon that were similar to certain human types. The similarity of the sheep and human genomic characters of Giardia implies the possibility that there is transmission of these protozoa between humans and sheep.

As influential social forces inside the city, the street performers (looties) played an important role in political arenas in Qajar period. By appearing Constitution Revolution, they actually divided into two groups: people-oriented looties who favored Constitution, regressive looties who favored autocracy and reaction. Although people-oriented Looties gained successes in these periods but lack of success and disachievement of Constitution aims led to decline of people-oriented looties.When Reza Khan gained power as a symbol of reactionary looties who favored autocracy and can be entitled lumpens, the number of them in society increased. Contrary to Qajar period, FIRST Pahlavi period saw lack of influential presence of lumpens. Undoubtly, we can’t infer that they began to decline in a short TIMe. This research attempts to study the position and performance of lumpens in FIRST Pahlavi period.

A reliability analysis of fan type cable stayed bridges against FIRST PASSAGE failure under earthquake forces is performed using the method of crossing analysis and the basic theory of reliability. Failure of the bridge deck being the point of interest, the bridge is modeled as a beam supported on springs at different points. The stiffnesses of the springs are determined by a  separate 2D static analysis of cable-tower-deck system. The analysis provides a coupled stiffness matrix for the spring system. Using a frequency domain spectral analysis, the power spectral density functions of bending moments at different points of the deck are obtained. Using the FIRST few moments of the power spectral density function, the crossing analysis is carried out to obtain the conditional probability of FIRST PASSAGE failure of the bridge deck for a given  earthquake ground motion intensity (expressed as r.m.s. ground motion and related to the magnitude of earthquake by an empirical relationship). Probability of occurrence of different magnitudes of earthquake is then combined with the conditional probability of failure to obtain the reliability of the bridge deck against FIRST PASSAGE failure. A three span double plane symmetrical fan type cable stayed bridge of total span 689.0 m, is used as an illustrative example. The reliability against FIRST PASSAGE failure of the bridge deck is obtained under a number of parametric variations.

Practice and study of medicine in Iran has a long and prolific history. Iran has all characteristics of an indigenous culture which has so far discovered numerous natural products. Unfortunately, scant research has been conducted on this system of medicine and ethnopharmacology of Iran. Gout is a historical disease that is still widespread all around the world. As numerous remedies used to be administered for treating gout in TIM, we decided to investigate drugs used to target gout. To accomplish this, five of most important references of TIM form the 9th to the 18th century were investigated for gout remedies. For all herbal remedies, an extensive search of the scientific data banks, Medline and Scopus, was done to find recent possible results concerning the xanthine oxidase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. One hundred and nine plant species, 31 animals, 14 minerals, and one mushroom were identified. Fourteen, twenty eight and three plant species have shown in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory, anti inflammatory and analgesic activities, respectively; also nine, forty and twenty two in vivo activities and two, seventeen and eight human studies were carried out for these three properties. Fifty-four drugs were cited in at least three references. TIM has the potential to be a very rewarding source of medical and medicinal knowledge. Then, a special focus should be put on drugs as well as the therapeutic method targeting the gout treatment. Owing to the limited attention so far paid to treating gout in TIM, it seems pertinent to conduct a systematic research on remedies which were used in TIM.

PASSAGE de Milanest l’oeuvre de Michel Butor, romancier, philosophe et critique du XXe siecle. Une transition entre le style realiste et l’art plus audacieux du Nouveau Roman, PASSAGE de Milan peut etre lu aisement par un lecteur habitue aux romans realistes. Mais peu a peu, les divergences se devoilent et illustrent bien un nouveau roman avec ses propres caracteristiques, dont la plus importante est la maniere de presenter la realite. Le but que nous visons dans cet article est de verifier dans quelle mesure cette oeuvre releve de la tradition realiste et dans quelle mesure elle s’en ecarte. Comme nous le verrons, ce roman, contrairement aux oeuvres realistes, ne designe pas une realite digeree et commentee par l’auteur; il est plein de symboles et de fragments que le lecteur lui-meme doit relier entre eux, pour decouvrir et comprendre la complexite de la realite. L’auteur lui propose seulement des gestes, des paroles et des pensees. English: PASSAGE de Milan is a novel written by Michel Butor, a 20th-century novelist, philosopher and critic. PASSAGE de Milan is a transition between realistic style and New Roman, an audacious art which can be read and understood by a reader typically used to realistic novels; however, differences and distinctions gradually reveal themselves and a new novel with its own distinctive characteristics emerges, the most important being the way reality is presented. This article intends to make a comparison and contrast between this novel and traditional realistic novels. In this research, it has been shown that unlike realistic works, this novel does not refer to a reality digested and interpreted by the novelist himself; the novel is also depleted with symbols and fragments. It is the reader who relates these pieces and fragments together so that he can perceive and understand the complexity of the reality. The author just suggests a number of gestures, words and ideas.Keywords: description, personage, new Novel, symbol, reality